i. Describe the anatomy of the heart including the chambers, valves, pericardium, and the orientation of the heart.
ii. Describe the coronary circulation and its regulation.
iii. Describe the structure and functional significance of the excitatory, conductive, and contractile elements of the heart.
iv. Describe the normal pressure and flow patterns of the cardiac cycle.
v. Describe the foetal circulation.
vi. Describe the circulatory and respiratory changes that occur at birth.

i. Explain the ionic basis of spontaneous electrical activity of cardiac muscle cells.
ii. Describe the normal processes of cardiac excitation and electrical activity.
iii. Correlate the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle with the physical, electrical, and ionic events

i. Explain the Frank-Starling mechanism and its relationship to excitation-contraction coupling.
ii. Explain the measurement of central venous pressure, the components of its waveform and the factors that determine its magnitude.
iii. Define the components and determinants of cardiac output including the effects of positive pressure ventilation.
iv. Describe myocardial oxygen demand and supply and the conditions that may alter each.
v. Describe and explain cardiac output curves, vascular function curves and their correlation.
vi. Describe the pressure-volume relationships of the ventricles and their clinical applications.
vii. Describe the cardiac reflexes.

i. Describe the essential features of the micro-circulation including fluid exchange and its control mechanisms.
ii. Describe the distribution of the blood volume and flow in the various regional circulations and explain the factors that influence them, including autoregulation.
iii. These include but are not limited to the cerebral and spinal cord, hepatic, and splanchnic, coronary, renal, and utero-placental circulations.
iv. Explain the factors that determine systemic blood pressure and its regulation.
v. Describe the physiological factors that may contribute to pulse variations in blood pressure.
vi. Describe total peripheral vascular resistance and the factors that affect it.
vii. Describe the factors that affect venous oxygen saturation.

i. Explain the cardiovascular responses to changes in posture, hypovolaemia, a fluid bolus, anaemia, exercise, and aging.
ii. Explain the physiological consequences of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure (see also F10 i.) and the Valsalva manoeuvre.

i. Understand the pharmacology of inotropes and vasopressors.
ii. Understand the pharmacology of anti-hypertensive drugs.
iii. Understand the pharmacology of anti-arrhythmic drugs.
iv. Understand the pharmacology of anti-anginal drugs.